Polypropylene compounds having non-migratory slip properties

ABSTRACT

A masterbatch having epoxy-functionalized silicone as a slip additive, the polypropylene compound that the silicone-containing masterbatch has been let down into, and the plastic articles and films from such compounds having improved slip properties are disclosed. The improved slip properties are evidenced by (1) essentially no migration of the slip additive 12 weeks after manufacturing, (2) a dynamic coefficient of friction value of less than 0.4 and a static coefficient of friction 0.6 or less within the first day of manufacturing according to the ASTM D1894-01 method, and (3) less than 15% change in the dynamic and static coefficient of friction values between the first day of manufacturing and 20 days after manufacturing.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/672,143 filed on Jul. 16, 2012, which is incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to masterbatches using epoxy-functionalized silicone as a slip additive, polypropylene compounds that these silicone-containing masterbatches have been let down into, and plastic articles produced from such compounds having improved slip properties compared to a non-reactive silicone slip additive and essentially no slip additive migration, as determined by measurements of the static and dynamic coefficients of friction (COF) values according to the ASTM D1894-01 method.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Plastic has taken the place of other materials in a variety of industries. Because plastic can be engineered to not shatter, rust or rot, plastic articles have replaced glass, metal and wood articles in many applications. For example, in the food and packaging industries, plastic has replaced glass to minimize breakage, reduce weight, and reduce energy consumed in manufacturing and transport.

Additives are often added to a plastic to facilitate the processing of that material. Commonly used additives are slip agents, which act as an internal lubricant for the polymer during processing. For instance in film processing, slip additives lessen friction between the polymer film and high speed processing and packaging equipment.

Slip additives often function by migrating (i.e. “blooming”) to the surface of the polymer, where they provide a coating that reduces the surface's coefficient of friction. Because the additive is concentrated at the surface where it is needed for processing, less slip additive is required in the polymer material overall.

Typically variants of fatty acids are used as slip additives, because they are immiscible within, and chemically inert to, the polymer matrix, making them more likely to be migratory. For example, many commonly used slip additives, such as erucamide, oleamide, stearamide, behenamide, oleyl palmitamide, stearyl erucamide, ethylene bis-oleamide, N,N′-Ethylene Bis(Stearamide) (EBS), are highly migrant (i.e. migration occurs within hours of the film formation).

However, there is also loss of slip additive, due to additive migration or transfer from the polymer material. “Additive migration” represents the slip additive migrating from the sliding layer of the film containing slip additive, to another film layer. “Additive transfer” represents the slip additive transferring to another substrate (for example transferring to another section of the film when it is rolled). Therefore, films and other articles with migratory slip additives experience diminished slip properties over time or exposure to higher temperatures.

Consequently, if for example there is an interval before further processing, those polymer materials containing traditional migratory slip additives may require cold storage. Slip performance may also decrease when exposed to high processing temperatures. Finally, migratory slip additives are not suitable for applications that require consistent slip properties over the useful life of the article, such as for release films and permanent anti-slip coatings.

High molecular weight (HMW) non-reactive silicone gums have been found to migrate more slowly (over days versus hours). However, the trade off is reduced slip properties, represented by higher COF values, and limited long-term stability.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

What the art needs is a slip additive for polypropylene-based compounds that is non-migratory, has improved slip properties compared to non-reactive silicone slip additives, and that exhibits good stability over time.

In one embodiment of the invention is a masterbatch for polypropylene, comprising: (a) polypropylene carrier; (b) epoxy functionalized polysiloxane; (c) functionalized polyolefin; and (d) optionally, other additives. The functionalized polyolefin contains a maleic anhydride (MAH) group and acts as a grafting agent for the epoxy functionalized polysiloxane.

In one embodiment of the invention a polypropylene compound of the masterbatch described above is let down into a polypropylene resin. Because the functionalized polyolefin is miscible with polypropylene, when its MAH group reacts to the epoxy group on the polysiloxane, the functionalized polyolefin becomes an anchor that immobilizes the slip additive in the polypropylene matrix.

Another embodiment of the invention is a plastic article produced from the polypropylene compound or directly from the masterbatch. The article may be shaped from injection molding, blown film extrusion, or calendered into sheets.

Another embodiment of the invention is a film produced from the polypropylene compound. The film may include other layers having the same or different ingredients forming a laminate. The laminate may be a coextruded multilayer structure. The laminate may have a core layer and a skin layer contacting the surface of the core layer.

In another aspect of the invention, the skin layer of the laminate has a dynamic COF value of 0.4 or less and a static COF value of 0.6 or less measured within 1 day after manufacturing, according to the ASTM D1894-01 method.

Another aspect of the invention is a laminate in which there is essentially no migration of the slip additive into another layer of the film 12 weeks after manufacturing.

The following embodiments explain some attributes of the invention.

EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Polypropylene

Polypropylene is an economical material that offers a combination of outstanding physical, mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties not found in other thermoplastics. For purposes of this invention, polypropylene is the polymer carrier for the masterbatch formulation and also serves as the matrix for the polymer compound forming the final plastic article. Polypropylene is intended to cover the homopolymer of propylene as well as various copolymers of propylene. The copolymers can be random copolymers or block copolymers wherein the blocks themselves may be either homopolymers or random copolymers.

There are numerous commercial manufacturers of polypropylene, including LyondellBasell, ExxonMobil, Ineos, Flint Hills Resources, Formosa, Continental Chemical, Sunoco Chemicals, Braskem, Total, Mitsui Chemical and Chisso Chemical Corporation.

Polyorganosiloxane

Siloxanes can have branched or unbranched backbones consisting of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms —Si—O—Si—O—, with side chains R attached to the silicon atoms. Polymerized siloxanes with organic side chains are commonly known as silicones or as polysiloxanes, as represented generally by the following structure:

The organic side chains confer hydrophobic properties while the —Si—O—Si—O— backbone is purely inorganic. It is preferred for the invention that “n”, the number of repeating Si—O groups in the molecule backbone, is an integer from 1 to 1500.

Polysiloxanes may be modified by a reactive functional group, such as a hydroxyl group, an alcohol group, a carboxyl group, an isocyanate group, a silanol group, a blocked polyisocyanate group, a primary amine group, a secondary amine group, an amide group, a carbamate group, a urea group, a urethane group, a vinyl group, an unsaturated ester group, a maleimide group, a fumarate group, an anhydride group, a hydroxy alkylamide group, or an epoxy group. The polysiloxanes for the invention include at least one epoxy group.

Polysiloxanes are commercially available from a wide variety of manufacturers, including Dow Corning, Evonik, ICM Products and UCT Specialties.

Functionalized Polyolefin

The functionalized polyolefin plays a key role for immobilizing the slip additive in the polypropylene matrix. For the present invention, the functionalized polyolefin contains a maleic anhydride group that is highly reactive with the epoxy group on the functionalized polysiloxane.

The reaction between the epoxy group on the polysiloxane and the maleic anhydride group on the functionalized polyolefin will form either an ester or ether linkage. The ester linkage is formed as a result of the anhydride ring opening into a monoester having a carboxylic group that will then react with the epoxy group on the polysiloxane. The ether linkage is formed by a reaction between the epoxy group on the polysiloxane and a hydroxyl group from the compound of the previously described ester-forming reaction or from the anhydride monoester. The ester-forming and ether-forming reactions for the present invention may exclude the use of a catalyst.

As a result of the polysiloxane forming a linkage to the functionalized polyolefin, the polysiloxane is consequently also anchored in the polyolefin matrix. Therefore, the more compatible the functionalized polyolefin is to the polypropylene, the better dispersed the slip additive will also be in the polypropylene matrix.

Functionalized polyolefins having a maleic anhydride group include Lotader 8200, an ethylene ethyl acrylate maleic anhydride terpolymer from Arkema; Priex 25097 and Priex 25093, maleic anhydride grafted polypropylenes from Solvay; and BHX-10016, a maleic anhydride propylene copolymer from Baker Petrolite.

Optional Additives

The polymer compounds of the present invention can include any conventional plastics additives in any combination that would not deleteriously affect the slip properties of the compound. The amount should not be wasteful of the additive or detrimental to the processing or performance of the compound. Those skilled in the art of thermoplastics compounding, without undue experimentation but with reference to such treatises as Plastics Additives Database (2004) from Plastics Design Library (www.elsevier.com), can select from many different types of additives for inclusion into the compounds of the present invention.

Non-limiting examples of optional additives include adhesion promoters; antioxidants; biocides (antibacterials, fungicides, and mildewcides), anti-fogging agents; anti-static agents; bonding, blowing and foaming agents; dispersants; fillers and extenders; smoke suppresants; expandable char formers; impact modifiers; initiators; lubricants; micas; pigments, colorants and dyes; plasticizers; processing aids; other polymers; release agents; silanes, titanates and zirconates; additional slip agents; anti-blocking agents; stabilizers; stearates; ultraviolet light absorbers; viscosity regulators; waxes; and combinations of them.

In particular, antiblock additives are often used together with slip additives and for their complementary functions. Anti-block additives reduce adhesion or the “stickiness” between polymer layers (usually layers of the same polymer), which is created by blocking forces inherent to many polymers. Whereas slip additives decrease friction caused from moving across the surface of a polymer, antiblock additives create a microrough surface that lessens the adhesion caused by these blocking forces. Antiblock additives, like slip additives, are commonly used to improve the handling of a polymer for applications such as packaging. Preferably for this invention a nonmigratory antiblock additive, such as crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate) or an inorganic silica, is used.

For convenience during processing and handling, the reactive silicone slip additive can be made into a masterbatch formulation, which is afterward let down into the polypropylene resin that is made into a film or other article. To have the highest concentration of slip additive, as required for example in release film applications, the masterbatch can also be processed into the film directly.

Table 1 shows the acceptable, desirable, and preferable ranges of ingredients for the masterbatch mixture. The masterbatch of the invention can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of these ingredients in these amounts.

TABLE 1 Ranges of Ingredients for the Masterbatch Mixture Ingredient (Wt. Percent) Acceptable Desirable Preferable Polypropylene 1%-99% 30%-90%  45%-81%  Carrier Epoxy 0.1%-50%   5%-20% 5%-10% functionalized polysiloxane Functionalized   1%-99.9% 5%-50% 9%-45% polyolefin Optional additives 0%-10% 0%-10% 0%-10%

The masterbatch of the present invention may be added to the polypropylene compound in an amount ranging from about 0.5% to about 50%, and preferably from about 2% to about 25% weight percent of the polypropylene compound. The polypropylene compound may include one or more masterbatches containing different additives beneficial for the application of the final plastic article. If a high concentration of slip additive is required, the polypropylene compound may also be comprised of 50% or greater of the masterbatch by weight percent of the compound. To minimize migration of excess silicone additive, the stoichiometry between the polysiloxane and functionalized polyolefin is preferably a ratio in which there is sufficient functionalized polyolefin to react with all of the polysiloxane in the masterbatch.

Processing

Masterbatch Production

The preparation of the masterbatches of the present invention is uncomplicated. The masterbatches of the present invention can be made in continuous or batch operations.

Mixing in a continuous process typically occurs in an extruder that is elevated to a temperature that is sufficient to melt the polymer matrix with addition either at the head of the extruder or downstream in the extruder of the solid or liquid ingredient additives. Specific melt mixing equipments suitable for the manufacture of the said masterbatch include single screw extruder, co-rotating or counter-rotating twin screw extruder, multiple screw extruder or co-kneader. Preferably the melt mixing equipment used is a twin screw co-rotating extruder equipped with screws having a length to diameter (L/D) ratio of at least 40. Extruder speeds can range from about 50 to about 500 revolutions per minute (rpm).

Processing conditions to be applied during mixing in a continuous process are dependent of the polymer carrier used. In the present case where the polymeric carrier is polypropylene, the processing temperatures are in the range of 140° C. to 240° C.

Typically, the output from the extruder is pelletized into standard size pellets, or may also be cut by an underwater pelletizer to create beads. The pellets or beads are used for later extrusion or molding into polymeric articles.

To ensure constant and homogeneous quality of the masterbatch, the ingredients are preferably dosed in a twin screw extruder with gravimetric dosing units. The polymer carrier is added in the extruder via the main hopper and additives are either added via the main hopper or are incorporated into the polymer via a side feeder.

Mixing in a batch process typically occurs in a Banbury mixer that is capable of operating at a temperature that is sufficient to melt the polymer matrix to permit addition of the solid or liquid ingredient additives. The mixing speeds range from 60 to 1000 rpm. The output from the mixer is chopped into smaller sizes for later extrusion or molding into polymeric articles.

Masterbatch concentrates can be later let down into a polymer resin composition to produce the polypropylene compound, which can be molded, extruded, or calendered into plastic articles.

Film Extrusion

Subsequent extrusion or molding techniques of the final compound of the present invention to form polymer films or other articles are well known to those skilled in the art of thermoplastics polymer engineering. Without undue experimentation but with such references as “Extrusion, The Definitive Processing Guide and Handbook” published by Plastics Design Library (www.elsevier.com), one can use different techniques for making articles using the compound of the present invention.

Polypropylene films may be formed, for example, from an extruded melt that is blown or cast or even cast and quenched, either onto a drum, a belt, in water, or the like. Cast films may be subsequently oriented, either uniaxially or biaxially, using conventional equipment such as drawing on heated rollers or using a tenter-frame, or combination thereof.

USEFULNESS OF THE INVENTION

The present invention may be used in numerous applications that would benefit from materials having stable slip properties. For example, the present invention may be desirable inside containers to promote the flow of the container's contents when pouring or mixing, but avoid possible contamination of the slip additive into the contents, such as food or medicine.

The present invention may also provide slip properties for higher temperature processing of films and other articles, including cast and biaxially-oriented films.

In addition, prolonged slip performance may be desirable in certain packaging applications, including packaging rolls, packaging bags, pouches, sheets, trays, carton liners, wrappers, screen printing films, lamination film, labels, adhesives, stretch and shrink wraps, and photographic materials.

The present invention may also be useful in release film applications as an alternative to silicone coated polyolefin films, which require the costly step of curing the silicone coating on the polyolefin skin.

EXAMPLES

Table 2 shows a list of ingredient for the Comparative Examples A-D and Examples 1-3, including a description, brand name, manufacturer and function of each ingredient. Table 3 shows the recipes for Masterbatches (MBs) I-VI.

TABLE 2 Description of Ingredients Name Description Brand Manufacturer Function Polypropylene Polypropylene PKS359 Ineos Carrier and film copolymer matrix resin Non-reactive High molecular weight Pearlene SIPP Momentive Slip additive silicone MB silicone gum (50%), MB-01 Polypropylene (50%) Alkoxysilane Ethoxy silyl terminated 3-0247 ETE Dow Corning Slip additive functionalized polydimethylsiloxane POLYMER polysiloxane (reactive silicone) Epoxy Epoxy functional TEGOMER E- Evonik Slip additive functionalized polysiloxane Si 2330 polysiloxane (reactive silicone) Functionalized Maleic anhydride PRIEX25093 Solvay Grafting agent for Polypropylene (MAH) grafted the reactive (0.2% MAH) polypropylene (0.2% silicone MAH; Melt flow index = 93 @ 230° C.) Functionalized Maleic anhydride PRIEX25097 Solvay Grafting agent for Polypropylene (MAH) grafted the reactive (0.45% MAH) polypropylene (0.45% silicone MAH; Melt flow index = 97 230° C.) Functionalized Ethylene ethyl acrylate LOTADER Arkema Grafting agent for terpolymer of maleic anhydride 8200 the reactive ethylene (2.8% terpolymer silicone MAH) (2.8% MAH) Functionalized Maleic anhydride BHX-10016 Baker Petrolite Grafting agent for polypropylene propylene copolymer reactive silicone copolymer (containing MAH) Amino- 3-Aminopropyl DYNASILAN Evonik Co-agent with the functionalized trimethoxysilane AMEO reactive silicone silane Catalyst Tetra n-butyl titanate TYZOR T-nBT Dorf Ketal Silanol catalyst Chemicals Antiblock MB Polypropylene On Cap AB PP PolyOne Anti-block additive masterbatch of MB crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate) beads

TABLE 3 Masterbatch Recipes Ingredient Name (by Wt. Percent) MB I MB II MB III MB IV MB V MB VI Polypropylene carrier 90% 89% 88% 45% 67.5% 81% Alkoxysilane functionalized 5% 5% 5% polysiloxane (reactive silicone) Epoxy functionalized 10%   10% 10% polysiloxane (reactive silicone) Functionalized polypropylene 5% 5% 5% 4.5%  (0.2% MAH) Functionalized polypropylene 45% (0.45% MAH) Functionalized terpolymer of 22.5% ethylene (2.8% MAH) Functionalized polypropylene 4.5%  co-polymer (containing MAH) Amino-functionalized silane 1% Catalyst 1% 1% 100% 100% 100% 100%  100% 100% 

Masterbatches I-VI were prepared by a continuous process using a BERSTORFF ZE25A co-rotating twin screw extruder having a screw length to diameter ratio of 60. Table 4 shows the mixing conditions of the twin screw extruder.

TABLE 4 Extruder Mixing Conditions for Masterbatches I-VI Extruder Type ZE25A twin screw extruder, with a screw size of 25 mm L/D = 60 Zone 1  20° C. Zone 2 140° C. Zone 3 200° C. Zone 4 210° C. Zone 5 220° C. - silicone injection Zone 6 220° C. Zone 7 220° C. Zone 8 220° C. Zone 9 230° C. Zone 10 240° C. Die Temperature 240° C. RPM 500 Pelletizer Strand pelletizer Pellet size 3 mm

All of the ingredients for the masterbatches were fed into the throat of the extruder, except the silicone slip additives. The silicone slip additives were injected into the melt in zone 5 via injection ports.

Pellets produced from the above described process were then blended into the polymer resin matrix to produce the polypropylene compound. Table 5 shows the recipes and Table 6 shows the film extrusion conditions for all the Comparative Examples and Examples.

TABLE 5 Recipes (Wt. %) of Comparative Examples and Examples Example A B C D 1 2 3 Polypropylene 94% 76% 76% 76% 86% 86% 86% matrix Non-reactive 2% silicone MB MB I 20% MB II 20% MB III 20% MB IV 10% MB V 10% MB VI 10% Antiblock MB 4% 4% 4% 4%  4%  4%  4% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%  100%  100%  % Silicone 1% 1% 1% 1%  1%  1%  1% % Total 0% 1% 1% 1% 4.5%  2.25%   0.9%  functionalized polyolefin

The polypropylene compounds were extruded into a 2-layer laminate film, each layer having a thickness of 25 μm, using a Labtech multilayer cast film line according to the conditions in Table 6, below.

TABLE 6 Film Extrusion Conditions of All Comparative Examples and Examples Extruder Type Single screw extruder Zone 1 200° C. Zone 2 240° C. Zone 3 240° C. Zone 4 240° C. Distributor 240° C. Head 245° C./240° C./245° C. Die Slot die RPM Screw speed between 35 and 75 rpm to obtain thickness for film extrusion Chill Roll Chill roll at 20° C. and 6 m/min

Evaluation of Polypropylene Films

Non-reactive silicone was compared to two types of reactive silicones for effectiveness as slip additives in polypropylene-based films. The reactive silicones evaluated were alkoxysilane functionalized polysiloxane and epoxy functionalized polysiloxane. The Example formulations satisfied the required criteria described in Table 7. The results of the Comparative Examples and Examples are shown in Table 8.

TABLE 7 Criteria and Testing Methods for Films Criteria Type Test Method (1) No Required Films were tested for 12 weeks, after which observed migration would be unlikely to occur. migration of Additive migration of the slip additive was silicone observed by measuring the COF values on additive the layer of the film that had no slip additive. If there was no migration, static and dynamic COF values were 1 or greater for the layer with no slip additive. If migration occurred, static and dynamic COF values decreased below 1. (2) COF values Required Threshold dynamic COF value of 0.4 or less lower than the and a static COF value of 0.6 or less. Control containing nonreactive silicone (3) Stability of Required Less than 15% change in the static and the slip dynamic COF values, individually, from the additive 1st day after manufacturing and 20 days after manufacturing.

The COF values were measured using the ASTM D1894 Standard Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting. Haze and clarity were measured according to ASTM D1003: Standard Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics using the BYK-GARDNER Haze Guard Plus.

TABLE 8 Example A B C D 1 2 3 COF within 1 Day after Film Manufacturing (ASTM D1894) Static COF 0.87 0.63 0.85 1.41 0.46 0.6 0.59 Dynamic COF 0.72 0.56 0.66 1.3 0.37 0.36 0.37 COF 4 Days after Film Manufacturing (ASTM D1894) Static COF — 0.58 — — 0.61 0.57 0.53 Dynamic COF — 0.37 — — 0.35 0.34 0.32 COF 20 Days after Film Manufacturing (ASTM D1894) Static COF 0.89 0.6 0.48 — 0.52 0.54 0.7 Dynamic COF 0.8 0.39 0.39 — 0.33 0.33 0.37 Δ Static COF −0.02 0.03 0.37 N/A −0.06 0.06 −0.11 (COF Day 1/COF Day 20) Δ Dynamic COF −0.08 0.17 0.27 N/A 0.04 0.03 0 (COF Day 1/COF Day 20) Haze (ASTM D1003) 2.5 3 7 9.5 1.5 3.5 2 Clarity (ASTM 98.6 98.4 94.8 74.4 96.9 94.3 98.7 D1003) Additive migration to No No No No No No No other film layer after 12 weeks (Yes/No) Observations by No No No Gels No No No microscope Gel Gel Gel Form Gel Gel Gel

The control film, Comparative Example A, contained the non-reactive silicone MB, which had a high molecular weight silicone gum as the slip additive. The polypropylene compound of Comparative Example A contained 1% silicone by weight. Comparative Example A exhibited moderate slip performance with static and dynamic COF values of 0.87 and 0.72 respectively, measured within the first day of manufacturing. No migration of the silicone additive was observed 12 weeks after manufacturing.

The Comparative Examples B-D and Examples 1-3 each tested a reactive silicone as the slip additive, replacing the non-reactive silicone of Comparative Example A. For comparison with the control film, Comparative Examples B-D and Examples 1-3 were also formulated to contain 1% silicone by weight of the compound.

Replacing the silicone gum as slip additive, Masterbatches I, II and III contained ethoxy silyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane, also referred to as an alkoxysilane functionalized polysiloxane, in addition to a functional polyolefin containing maleic anhydride (MAH). During production, the alkoxysilane functionalized polysiloxane hydrolyzed, producing silanol end groups on each chain. The silanol end groups then underwent a condensation reaction to create new Si—O bonds linking the polysiloxane to another polysiloxane, thereby forming a longer polysiloxane chain.

The anhydride of the grafted polypropylene (0.2% MAH) in Masterbatches I, II and III assisted to catalyze the silanol hydrolysis and condensation reactions.

Masterbatches II and III contained an additional silanol catalyst to catalyze the hydrolysis and condensation reactions. In addition, Masterbatch III contained an amino functionalized silane, which reacted with the maleic anhydride (MAH)-grafted polypropylene.

The resulting films of Masterbatches I, II and III, respectively Comparative Examples B, C and D showed no migration of the silicone slip additive after 12 weeks. Although Comparative Examples B and C showed improved COF values at manufacturing, both formulations evidenced instability indicated by a change greater than 15% in the COF values 20 days after manufacturing.

For Comparative Example D, much higher COF values were measured after manufacturing compared to Comparative Example A, so no further testing was conducted. The higher COF values were due to the formation of gels from the grafting of the amino-functionalized silane to the MAH-grafted polyolefin, which created co-polymers that were incompatible to the overall polyethylene matrix. As a result of the gels, the film had a rough surface that negatively affected slip performance.

Masterbatches IV, V, and VI tested the second type of reactive silicone as a slip agent, epoxy functionalized polysiloxane. Each masterbatch also included one or more functionalized polyolefins containing MAH. The films of Examples 1-3, contained 10% of Masterbatches IV, V, and VI respectively. These films unexpectedly demonstrated improved static and dynamic COF values compared to the Control, Comparative Example A, and showed less than a 15% change in both COF values 20 days after manufacturing. No migration of the silicone additive was observed in Examples 1-3 after 12 weeks. Films of Examples 1-3 showed excellent optical properties within 5% of the haze and clarity measurements of the Control film according to ASTM D1003. Experiments conducted of films containing 5% by weight of Masterbatches IV, V, and VI also showed similar success.

Selection of the appropriate reactive silicone for different polyolefin-based compounds is difficult and unpredictable. Silicone's effectiveness as a non-migrating slip additive is affected by multiple variables, including the reactivity to, compatibility with, and surface energy of the reactive silicone relative to the polyolefin matrix.

Comparative Examples B and C demonstrated that although the hydrolysis and condensation reactions of the polysiloxane formed longer silica chains, which increased the density of the polysiloxane, these formulations were not stable over longer periods of time. Comparative Example D showed that adding an amino functionalized silane to react with the MAH group, created gels rather than leading to increased stability.

Examples 1-3 did not undergo any hydrolysis or condensation reactions. Instead, Examples 1 and 2 relied only on the reactivity of the epoxy group of the polysiloxane with the functionalized polyolefin to create a linkage that, unexpectedly, immobilized the polysiloxane in the polypropylene matrix, while also achieving improved slip properties compared to the control film.

Therefore, whereas the alkoxysilane functionalized polysiloxanes did not represent an improvement from the non-reactive silicone used in the control film, epoxy functionalized polysiloxanes unexpectedly satisfied all of the required criteria in Table 7 compared to the Control.

The invention is not limited to the above embodiments. The claims follow. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A masterbatch for polypropylene, comprising in weight percent of the masterbatch: (a) from 45 to 81 weight percent of polypropylene carrier, (b) from 5 to 10 weight percent of epoxy functionalized polysiloxane, (c) from 9 to 45 weight percent of functionalized polyolefin, and (d) optionally, from 0 to 10 weight percent of other additives; wherein the functionalized polyolefin contains a maleic anhydride group and is a grafting agent for the epoxy functionalized polysiloxane.
 2. The masterbatch of claim 1, wherein the functionalized polyolefin is selected from the group consisting of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene, maleic anhydride polypropylene copolymer, ethylene ethyl acrylate maleic anhydride terpolymer, and combinations of them.
 3. A polypropylene compound comprising the masterbatch of claim 1 and polypropylene resin.
 4. A polypropylene compound comprising: (a) polypropylene matrix and (b) a slip additive comprising in weight percent of the slip additive (i) from 45 to 81 weight percent of polypropylene carrier, (ii) from 5 to 10 weight percent of epoxy functionalized polysiloxane, (ii) from 9 to 45 weight percent of functionalized polyolefin, and (iv) optionally, from 0 to 10 weight percent of other additives; wherein the functionalized polyolefin contains a maleic anhydride group and is a grafting agent for the epoxy functionalized polysiloxane.
 5. The polypropylene compound of claim 4, wherein the functionalized polyolefin is miscible with the polypropylene matrix.
 6. The polypropylene compound of claim 4, wherein the additive is selected from the group consisting of anti-blocking agents; adhesion promoters; biocides (antibacterials, fungicides, and mildewcides), anti-fogging agents; anti-static agents; bonding, blowing and foaming agents; dispersants; fillers and extenders; fire and flame retardants and smoke suppressants; impact modifiers; initiators; lubricants; micas; pigments, colorants and dyes; plasticizers; processing aids; other slip or release agents; silanes, titanates and zirconates; stabilizers; stearates; ultraviolet light absorbers; viscosity regulators; waxes; and combinations of them.
 7. The polypropylene compound of claim 4, wherein one or more additives are added in the form of a masterbatch concentrate.
 8. The polypropylene compound of claim 4, in the shape of a molded plastic article, an extruded plastic article, or a calendered plastic article.
 9. A film having at least one layer comprised of the polypropylene compound of claim
 4. 10. A laminate of the film of claim 9, wherein there is more than one film layer, and wherein each layer comprises same or different ingredients.
 11. The laminate of claim 10, wherein there is a skin layer contacting one surface of a core layer also having an opposing surface; and wherein the skin layer has a thickness between about 0.5 microns and about 1 millimeter.
 12. The laminate of claim 11, further comprising a second skin layer contacting the opposing surface of the core layer, wherein the core layer comprises polyolefin resin.
 13. The laminate of claim 11, wherein the skin layer has dynamic coefficient of friction value of 0.4 or less and static coefficient of friction value of 0.6 or less, according to the ASTM D1894-01 method, within 1 day after manufacturing of the laminate.
 14. The laminate of claim 11, wherein the change between static coefficient of friction and dynamic coefficient of friction values of the skin layer within 1 day after manufacturing and 20 days after manufacturing, according to the ASTM D1894-01 method, is 15% or less.
 15. The laminate of claim 11, wherein there is essentially no migration of the slip additive from the skin layer into another film layer measured 12 weeks after manufacturing. 